[SOLVED] - Add Currently Logged in User to Apache User & Group [www-data:www-data]

If you are experiencing permission issues with your web directories and files, use the following commands to resolve it, This solution is very helpful if you are trying to run Wordpress/Other CMS in localhost environment:

1. Adds the currently logged in user to the www-data group.

 sudo usermod -aG www-data $USER  

2. Changes the ownership of the /var/www directory to www-data group.

 sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www directory_name

3. Sets the proper permissions so you can upload files via sftp, manage files via command-line, and upload plugins and media directly in WordPress.

 sudo chmod -R 774 /var/www directory_name

How to Zip/Compress files using Terminal in Ubuntu/Linux

Use the following commands to compress your files using terminal. First, make sure you have Zip already installed in your system.

>> To install Zip: Open you terminal (CTRL+ALT+T) and enter the command below:

 sudo apt-get install zip gzip tar  

>> To Zip:

 zip -r compressed_filename.zip foldername  

where:

• r: recursive
• compressed_filename.zip: name of your .zip folder you want to create. Example: magento-file-sys.zip
• folder_name: name of the folder that you want to compress

Seems to be much faster and consume almost 80%-90% less CPU processes than the one using GUI/Archive Manager.; but file size seems to be large by 10-20 MB than the one created using the menu option available in GUI/Archive Manager.

>> To Unzip:

 unzip my_arch.zip  

Zip stores relative path names by default. There are several parameter-options available for zip. For that read: the manual (man zip). For a starting this will do.

Most often you will see .tar.gz endings in linux-world. That's the product of two tools: TAR (the tape archiver) and GZIP (the GNU-Zip). Tar has got the call option to automatically gzip/gunzip files after "taring".

 tar -cvzf may_arch.tar.gz my_folder  

where:

• -c means "create"
• -v means "verbose" (sometimes bothersome and slowing down...)
• -z means "use (GNU)zip"
• -f XYZ declares the name of the output file. (You should chose a helping name like XYZ.tar.gz)

There may also be .tar.bz2 endings. This is the product of the -j parameter instead of the -z parameter: you will choose compression with BZIP2 (-> man bzip2).

To extract you simply use -x (eXtract) instead of -c (Create):

 tar -xvzf may_arch.tar.gz  

[SOLVED] - W: GPG error: .. The following signatures were invalid: BADSIG ... Ubuntu Extras Archive Automatic Signing Key

While trying to UPDATE/UPGRADE your Ubuntu system from the terminal, you might be bumping, time and again into what is called the BAD SIGNATURE error. Something like this:

W: GPG error: http://01.archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release: The following signatures were invalid: BADSIG 16126D3A3E5C1192 Ubuntu Extras Archive Automatic Signing Key <ftpmaster@ubuntu.com>

To solve the bad signature error in your Ubuntu Installation try the following solution:

 sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys your_key_number  
 Example: sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 16126D3A3E5C1192  

Rebuild your software cache:

 sudo apt-get clean   
 cd /var/lib/apt   
 sudo mv lists oldlist   
 sudo mkdir -p lists/partial   
 sudo apt-get clean   
 sudo apt-get update  

If the above solution doesn't work, you may try the solution below:

 $ sudo -i  
 # apt-get clean  
 # cd /var/lib/apt  
 # mv lists lists.old  
 # mkdir -p lists/partial  
 # apt-get clean  
 # apt-get update  

Enabling Multi-byte UTF-8 support in Drupal 7

This tutorial explains the various steps to enable Multi-byte UTF-8 support in Drupal 7. It's a very simple and straightforward process and if implemented rightly, you can easily convert your 'character set' & collation to

According to this post in drupal.org, multi-byte UTF-8 support for MySQL and other database drivers, allows emojis, Asian symbols, mathematical symbols, etc with your Drupal 7 installation. The only caveat to this is that your Drupal installation must be at least Version 7.50 or higher.


Requirements:

•  Drupal: Version 7.50 or above

 Initially when you check your Drupal Site Report at: admin/reports/status, you will see a message similar to the image below:

Click on image to enlarge

 The steps below have been compiled from the following post at drupal.org: https://www.drupal.org/node/2754539

For MySQL

1. In order to be able to use this, the following requirements must be met:

In order to allow for large indexes, MySQL must be set up with the following my.cnf settings:

 [mysqld]  
 innodb_large_prefix=true  
 innodb_file_format=barracuda  
 innodb_file_per_table=true  

These settings are available as of MySQL 5.5.14, and are defaults in MySQL 5.7.7 and up.

After editing the my.cnf file (often located at /etc/mysql/my.cnf), don't forget to restart the mysql service (for example, with the command sudo service mysql restart) in order to load the new configuration.

2. The PHP MySQL driver must support the utf8mb4 charset (libmysqlclient 5.5.3 and up, as well as mysqlnd 5.0.9 and up).

3. The MySQL server must support the utf8mb4 charset (5.5.3 and up).

Run the command mysql --version to see your current MySQL version.

Steps to enable 

 

For existing Drupal installations

• First, back up your database and convert all existing tables to utf8mb4, such as by using the drush command provided by the utf8mb4_convert contrib project.
   
• Set the "charset" and "collation" keys on the database connection array in settings.php to "utf8mb4" and "utf8mb4_general_ci" respectively:
  
  

   $databases['default']['default'] = array(  
    'driver' => 'mysql',  
    'database' => 'databasename',  
    'username' => 'username',  
    'password' => 'password',  
    'host' => 'localhost',  
    'charset' => 'utf8mb4',  
    'collation' => 'utf8mb4_general_ci',  
   );  
  

 For new Drupal installations

• Prior to running the installer, edit settings.php and manually add in the full database settings array code, with 'charset' as 'utf8mb4', and 'collation' as 'utf8mb4_general_ci', and with the actual values for 'database', 'username', 'password', 'host', as shown below:
  
  

   databases['default']['default'] = array(  
    'driver' => 'mysql',  
    'database' => 'databasename',  
    'username' => 'username',  
    'password' => 'password',  
    'host' => 'localhost',  
    'charset' => 'utf8mb4',  
    'collation' => 'utf8mb4_general_ci',  
   );  
  

  
  

• Then run the installer specifically by accessing install.php, as in http://example.com/install.php (not just http://example.com/)

Other database systems

• PostgreSQL and SQLite support 4-byte UTF-8 out-of-the-box, so no special changes are needed for these.

• MariaDB and other MySQL equivalents should likely work with similar instructions as above for MySQL.

• Database drivers provided by contributed modules may or may not support this feature. The best place to look for answers is the issue queue of the contributed module which provides the database driver you are using.

Now when you look at your Drupal Site Report, you should be getting a warning message as the image below, which is related to Database 4 byte UTF-8 support:

 

Click on image to enlarge 

Converting Characterset & Collation to utf8mb4:

Using SQL commands:

 ALTER DATABASE db_name CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci;  
 ALTER TABLE tablename CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;  

Or if you're still on MySQL 5.5.2 or older which didn't support 4-byte UTF-8, use utf8 instead of utf8mb4:

 ALTER DATABASE databasename CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci;  
 ALTER TABLE tablename CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci;  

 

Easier way using Drush:

Now to convert all your database tables to utf8mb4 characterset and utf8mb4_general_ci collation, you may make use of the following Drush command called UTF8MB4 Convert. Please find detailed instructions of this command here: https://www.drupal.org/project/utf8mb4_convert.

The conversion process in your terminal after executing the above commands should be as below:

Click image to enlarge

 Final Message After Conversion:

Click image to enlarge

Finally when all your tables are converted, you can view each of their's Collation by using any database management tool such as phpMyAdmin. 

 

Click image to enlarge

Finally your Drupal site should display a message like this, confirming successful enabling of  Multi-byte UTF-8 support.

Click image to enlarge

 That's all there is to enable multi-byte UTF-8 support in Drupal 7.